Scientists win 2015 Nobel Prize for Chemistry

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According to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the 2015 Nobel Prize for chemistry has been jointly awarded to three scientists for their "mechanistic studies of DNA repair".
Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich and Aziz Sancar won "for having mapped, at a molecular level, how cells repair damaged DNA and safeguard the genetic information.Their work has provided fundamental knowledge of how a living cell functions and is, for instance, used for the development of new cancer treatments," the academy said.
Lindahl, a Swedish scientist, showed that "DNA decays at a rate that ought to have made the development of life on Earth impossible. This insight led him to discover a molecular machinery, base excision repair, which constantly counteracts the collapse of our DNA", the academy stated.
Modrich, an American, showed how a cell corrects errors that occur when DNA is replicated during cell division. "This mechanism, mismatch repair, reduces the error frequency during DNA replication by about a thousandfold," the academy said. Congenital defects in mismatch repair are known, for example, to cause a hereditary variant of colon cancer."
Sancar, a U.S. and Turkish citizen, mapped nucleotide excision repair - the mechanism that cells use to repair UV damage to DNA, the academy said. "People born with defects in this repair system will develop skin cancer if they are exposed to sunlight, it said.
Last year, two Americans and a German,Eric Betzig, Stefan W. Hell and William E. Moerner, won the chemistry prize for their work on optical microscopy, which opened up how molecules work close up.

Since 1901, the committee has handed out the Nobel Prize in chemistry 107 times. In certain years, mainly during World Wars I and II, no prize in chemistry was awarded. 

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